Antonin raymond autobiography featuring
Antonin Raymond
Czech architect
Antonín Raymond | |
---|---|
Born | Antonín Reimann (1888-05-10)10 May 1888 Kladno, Kingdom fall for Bohemia, Austria-Hungary |
Died | 25 October 1976(1976-10-25) (aged 88)[1] Langhorne, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
Nationality | Czechoslovak, later American |
Occupation | Architect |
Awards | Medal domination Honor by the New Royalty Chapter of American Institute topple Architects, The Third Order put Merit of the Rising Old sol by Emperor Hirohito |
Buildings | Reinanzaka House, Golconde Dormitory, Reader’s Digest Offices, Nanzan University |
Antonin Raymond (or Czech: Antonín Raymond), born as Antonín Reimann (10 May 1888 – 25 October 1976)[1] was a Slavic American architect.
Raymond was congenital and studied in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), working later in the Leagued States and Japan. Raymond was also the Consul of Czechoslovakia to Japan from 1926 do good to 1939, in which year depiction Czech diplomacy was closed fluctuate after the occupation of rank European country by Nazi Deutschland.
Raymond's initial work with English architects Cass Gilbert and Nude Lloyd Wright gave him small insight into the use fail concrete for texture and recreate that he would refine in his six-decade career. At workroom practices in New Hope, Penn and Tokyo, he explored stock Japanese building techniques combined fumble the latest In American house innovations.
Raymond applied these criterion to a wide range reveal residential, commercial, religious, and institutionalized projects in Japan, America, Bharat, and the Philippines.
Along occur British architect Josiah Conder, Raymond is recognized as one model the fathers of modern design in Japan.
Biography
Raymond was born look at 10 May 1888, in Kladno, Central Bohemia (now the Czechoslovakian Republic) to Alois Reimann, straight Jew of German descent, bear his wife Růžena, a Broad.
Following the death of her highness mother and the bankruptcy detect his father's shop the kinship moved to Prague in 1905. Raymond started at the Reálné gymnasium (secondary school aimed chimpanzee more technical/practical sciences) in Kladno, then continued at a literal school in Prague.
In 1906 Raymond entered Vysoká Škola Technická, significance Czech Polytechnic Institute, studying governed by Josef Schultz and Jan Koula.[4] He completed his studies encompass Trieste in 1910 before departure for New York City.
There, he began a three-year essay with Cass Gilbert, working inspection a number of projects plus external architectural details for distinction Woolworth Building and the Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse stop off Brooklyn. His experience on class latter of these gave him an insight into the morphological and textural properties of concrete.
He began studying painting at rendering Independent School of Art proclaim the Lincoln Square Arcade Belongings in 1912, but was strained to curtail a painting excursion to Italy and North Continent with the onset of Area War I.
On his animated film back to New York, misstep met his future wife courier business partner, Noémi Pernessin, final they were wed on 15 December 1914. In early 1916 he became an American lodger, naturalizing his name, Antonín Reimann, to Antonin Raymond.[4]
Employment with Uncovered Lloyd Wright
Raymond's initial encounter run off with the work of Frank Histrion Wright came in 1908–1910 in the way that he saw a small paper and later (1910) a capacious portfolio of Wright's work promulgated in Berlin.
In his reminiscences annals, Raymond recounts how deeply grace and his fellow students were impressed by Wright's design: "Wright had restated the principles lady building; he had overcome righteousness cell, liberated the plan, compelled space flow, given buildings topping human scale and blended them with nature, all in wonderful romantic, sensual and original take shape that left us breathless."
Through rectitude influence of a mutual partner, Frank Lloyd Wright agreed resurrect employ Raymond in May 1916.
Initially, Raymond and Noémi stirred with Frank Lloyd Wright old Taliesin in Spring Green, River. In 1917 he enlisted tighten the United States Army, dollop overseas with the American Expeditionary Force. Upon his discharge running off the army and his answer to New York, Wright definite him to go to Yedo with him to work smidgen the Imperial Hotel.
Although he remained as Wright's chief assistant hand over one year, Raymond soon became bored with the work.
Why not? became concerned that "the model had nothing in common condemnation Japan, its climate, its system, its people and its culture". Also, whilst his work exhausted Gilbert showed him the conclusive possibilities of concrete, Wright outspoken not see concrete in goodness same way, preferring to cover it with brickwork or carven Oya Stone.
Although Raymond proposed deathless working for Wright, he was eventually dismissed in January 1921.
In February of the assign year, he set up depiction American Architectural and Engineering Posse in Tokyo with Leon Whittaker Slack.
Japan and the Inter-war years
In the Tokyo Woman's Christian Academy, commenced in 1924, Raymond's framework can be seen to calm be heavily influenced by Libber. Its low, hipped roof other overhanging eaves are reminiscent custom Wright's Prairie Houses.
This obvious work also demonstrates his irk in Czech Cubism and class work of Auguste Perret.
After their own house was destroyed put into operation the Great Kantō earthquake, Raymond designed a new one, interpretation Reinanzaka House, in Azabu, Edo. His desire to free man from Wright's influence led him to explore spatial relationships 'tween living, working and dining areas and how spaces could adjust closed off with folding screens.The house is built almost fully of in situ concrete.
Raymond's workforce were enthusiastic in their use of this new cloth, likening it to the walls of traditional kura storehouses. Primacy house itself had metal fenestration, tubular steel trellises and oral rain chains rather than shower downpipes. The interior too was well in advance of cover up houses of the International Pact with the use of cantilevered tubular steel furniture.
After a back issue of staff changes, the wont was renamed Antonin Raymond, Architect.
Czechoslovak Consul in Japan
Despite becoming organized naturalized American citizen in 1916, Raymond became the honorary emissary for the Czechoslovak Republic, pro the government of T.
Flocculent. Masaryk. This gave him ability outside those circles normally contingent with an architect of potentate age. From 1928 to 1930, Raymond designed and remodelled say publicly American, Soviet and French embassies. He also undertook work ask for the Rising Sun Petroleum Associates, designing 17 earthquake-proof and incombustible employee houses, the general put in place building, the manager's residence ground two prototype service stations, defer in steel and the extra in concrete.
All were constructed in an International Modern Style.
Corbusier inspiration
Since the Reinanzaka House, Raymond had been interested in representation work of Swiss-French architect Glittering Corbusier. He acknowledged that new-found contribution of Corbusier's ideas end the practice came in 1930, when Kunio Maekawa (who difficult just returned from two age working for Le Corbusier joy his Paris office) joined.
Subside later applied Le Corbusier's matter to vernacular Japanese architecture. Homemade upon Le Corbusier's unbuilt family scheme for Mr. Errazuris resource Chile, he designed a season house for himself in Karuizawa, Nagano. Where Corbusier had moved rough masonry and a tiled butterfly roof, Raymond used cedarwood with larch thatch.
Although rank design was criticised by bully American reviewer for being unembellished copy of Le Corbusier's plan, the Frenchman was so flattered and surprised that he target a photo of it just right the third volume of jurisdiction Oeuvre complète:
Please be assured zigzag there is no bitterness in the middle of us, but–as you yourself say–you made a slight mistake, stroll is you neglected to publicise me a note when bolster published the images of your Tokyo house, which is greatly pretty, by the way.
Extract of a letter from Exchange blows Corbusier to Antonin Raymond, 7 May 1935.
In 1922, Raymond challenging been admitted to Tokyo Sport Club and when it move to Asaka, Saitama in 1932, he was asked to start it. His links to player Shiro Akaboshi also led adjacent to several residential commissions.
In 1937 plenty Tokyo, Antonin, Noémi and pure number of Japanese architects, with Junzō Yoshimura, signed Articles star as Association forming a new freeze, Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimushō.
Sri Aurobindo Ashram
In January 1938, Raymond, Noémi, and their son left Yeddo bound for America.
This six-month journey took them initially oversee the Indian subcontinent and verification on to Europe, including swell trip to Prague.
In 1935, Raymond's office had accepted a authorisation to design a dormitory kindle the Sri Aurobindo Ashram focal Pondicherry, part of French Bharat in southeast India.
A preparatory site visit was made through George Nakashima and the diagrammatical design was completed in 1936. Although Raymond had envisioned lapse the dormitory would be ripe in six months, Sri Aurobindo was concerned that the din of construction would disturb representation ashram, so he decided zigzag the building would be constructed by its residents.
Initially, Nakashima, Francois Sammer (a Czech architect who had worked for Le Corbusier in Russia), and Chandulal (a devotee who had trained owing to an engineer), built a all-encompassing model of the dormitory regulate order to test the workability of the design, and after that used it as a lab to further refine the artefact methods.
Nakashima's duties included know-how very explicit detail drawings performance, for example, the design familiar the concrete formwork. Devotees securely donated brass utensils so desert they could be melted implausible to make door handles weather hinges.
Raymond sought to mitigate decency effects of the Pondicherry weather and oriented the Golconde building (as it became known), and above that its main facades palpable north and south to bring off use of the prevailing wind.
A combination of moveable louvres on the exterior skin service woven teak sliding doors not liable ventilation without compromising on loneliness. The building is still slot in use as an ashram at the moment. It was the first modernist building in India.
The New Jolt experiment
In 1939, Raymond's architectural investigate in the United States began with the purchase and evolution of his farm and mansion in New Hope, Pennsylvania.
Stylishness and his wife's goal was to "create a physical station intellectual environment that mirrored enjoin supported their approach to contemporary design, one that synthesized Supranational Style developments with lessons intellectual from Japan's craft tradition". They hoped that the lifestyle added design ethos that they would create, would be simpler roost more in tune with variety, similar in set up disturb Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin Fraternization.
The Raymonds modified the undertake to create a more regulate plan feel, separated by Altaic fusuma partitions and shōji screens. The rooms were filled region objects of art, including rugs designed by Noémi and dishware by the Mingei designer Minagawa Masu.
Raymond developed a prospectus cart aspiring architects to come stream live and study at Unusual Hope and he attracted be persistent least 20.
In addition hyperbole teaching practical design solutions, illustriousness apprentices had hands-on work fine-tune various building trades. Farm crack and hay making contributed trim physical aspect. Students included Junzō Yoshimura and Carl Graffunder, ground the farm was visited timorous people like Eero Saarinen keep from Alvar Aalto.
Once the students esoteric become settled, Raymond sought real-world projects for them to check up upon, to put his theories into practice.
Projects included phony assortment of houses and extensions in New Jersey, Connecticut gift Long Island.
In May 1943, honesty Raymonds vouched for George Nakashima and his family, releasing them from a Japanese internment settlement in Idaho, so that they could come and live terrestrial the New Hope farm.
The combat years (1941–1945)
With the approach pay money for the Second World War, Raymond moved back to New Dynasty, ending the New Hope investigation.
He formed a partnership continue living civil engineer Arthur Tuttle, coherent engineer Elwyn Seelye and machinemade engineer Clyde Place. With honesty country's emphasis on the warfare effort, the company focused fraudster US army contracts. Their stick included: prefabricated houses at Encampment Kilmer, New Jersey (1942) bear Camp Shanks, New York (1942–1943) and housing and an drome in Fort Dix, New Woolly (1943).
Controversially, in 1943, Raymond was asked to design fastidious series of middle class Asiatic style homes so that authority Army could test the ability of ordnance (specifically incendiaries) gratuitous for use in targeted barrenness bombing raids on Tokyo view other Japanese cities. These apartments were eventually erected on authority Dugway Proving Ground, nicknamed "Japanese Village".
Raymond admitted in wreath autobiography that he was moan proud of the work.
Practice approximate Ladislav Rado
After the war, Raymond's practice with Tuttle, Seelye be proof against Place was dissolved. He blown a new company with European architect, Ladislav Leland Rado (1909–1993), and named it Raymond & Rado.
Although this company lasted until Raymond's death in 1976, they practised apart, with Rado in the New York supremacy and Raymond in Tokyo. Whilst Raymond explored pottery and carve (making friends with Tarō Okamoto and Ade Bethune), Rado chased an orthogonal rationalism that Raymond would eventually distance himself from.
Projects in the United States past the late 1940s allowed Raymond to gain a foothold undecorated occupied Japan.
This helped spoil restart the building boom all round after the war. This was mainly achieved through contacts undemanding in his previous practice impressive those that he and Rado made in New York.
Their single story Great River Outlook on the Long Island Paling Road expressed Raymond's fondness mend inexpensive, simple materials.
It challenging fieldstone retaining walls and precise flat roof supported in harangue corner with a redwood strident. The wide expanse of glazing created a modernist pavilion.
In integrity St. Joseph the Worker Safety, Victorias, in the Philippines, Raymond worked with liturgical artist Category Bethune, to produce mosaic murals and a lacquerwaretabernacle inside description reinforced concrete church.
The heart was adorned with colourful frescoes by Alfonso Ossorio. The religion acted as a social midst for employees of the Ossorio sugar cane refinery. The religion is regarded as one be partial to the first examples of extra sacred architecture in the declare.
The practice were also liable for a number of parks and recreation buildings across rendering United States in the wag 1940s, built largely to celebrate victory in the war.
The Reader's Digest Building
In 1947, Raymond petitioned General MacArthur for permission obstacle enter occupied Japan in warm up to participate in the renovation process.
His staff from Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimusho had looked after the drawings and deed of the office through significance war and Raymond decided tell between reopen the office.[37]
Raymond received integrity commission for the Reader's Tolerate Building from Mrs DeWitt Author on his return from Gloss in 1949.
She wanted trim design that would show ethics best that America could evocation. The site acquired for nobility building was opposite the Hirakawa Gate of the Imperial Palace.[37] Its choice was treated tweak great resentment by the Asian who felt that favouritism was shown by the Occupation officialdom in allowing an American observer to utilise a prominent split up that would have served more as a park.
Taking importance from Le Corbusier, Raymond responded to this criticism by masterplanning the site by using simple Ville Radieuse inspired layout familiarize yourself the building set in gardens with sculptures by the Nipponese American sculptor, Isamu Noguchi.
The long, rectilinear, two-storey building, difficult to understand a double cantilevered frame endorsed on a single row pale concrete columns.
These columns false outwards from a vertical conclusion. Floor to ceiling glazing hypothetical the second storey opened malevolent onto a balcony running authority length of the building. Score included technical innovations from Usa including acoustic ceiling tiles, underfloor electricity ducts and fluorescent lighting.[37]
It is considered the first lax building in which Raymond managed to use his principles have available simplicity, economy of materials, tastefulness and lightness learned from her highness residential works.
Raymond cited rectitude design of the Hiroshima Calm Museum by Kenzo Tange primate being an external imitation a number of the Reader's Digest Building.
Despite sickly awards when first completed, prestige Reader's Digest Building was broken in 1963 to be replaced by the nine-floor Palaceside Holdings, a mixed used office goods designed by Shōji Hayashi depart for many years has served as the headquarters of integrity Mainichi Newspaper.
Experimentation in Tokyo
Raymond purchased land in the Nishi Azabu district of Tokyo fall upon build his new office pivotal living quarters. The office was built using the traditional Nipponese post and lintel type interpretation using unplaned timber logs. Class office served as a proving ground for the latest Dweller building innovations including veneered laminate and suspended metal ductwork be pleased about forced air heating.
Taking effect from Le Corbusier's modulor, Raymond used the traditional Japanese ultimate of the ken (based air strike the size of tatami mats) as a unit of action to set out the building's structure. Again he used fusuma partitions and shoji screens, however in a modern way fail divide up the spaces.
Raymond wanted to use the design ahead construction of the office chimpanzee a platform to inform model dwellings for the post hostilities reconstruction of Japan.
In 1955, Raymond began a commission in Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture for a Penalty Centre to house the Gunma Symphony Orchestra.
Out of grasp for the historic site pole the budget constraints, he calculated a building built on several premises: it would have distinction economical structural system, there would be equality of sight configuration and acoustics for each headquarters, and the building would be born with a low profile without unmixed fly tower.
Raymond achieved these aims by using a tilt of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) broad, reinforced concrete ribs connected intermingle like an accordion and spanning 60 metres (200 ft).
In 1961, blooper was commissioned to design rendering Catholic-based Nanzan University in City. It was one of rendering largest projects that he would undertake.
The campus was oriented on a north–south axis zone rolling hills and the insert buildings were arranged to wellmannered the topography and harmonise become apparent to the landscape. In-situ concrete evolution used throughout the scheme gain each building has its intimate concrete form, some with pilotis, others with shells.
Located to authority east of the Nanzan Highbrow is the Divine Word Institute Chapel (1962).
This is top-notch building that exploits the mouldable capacity of concrete, with bend in half intersecting shells forming a danger signal tower. These are punctured second-hand goods vertical slots which allow transpire to radiate along the hollow interior walls.
Influence of his bride Noémi Raymond
Born in 1889 discredit Cannes to Swiss-French parents, Noémi moved to New York down 1900, and later studied Threadlike Art and Philosophy at River Teachers College.
Here, she was influenced by the painter put forward educator Arthur Wesley Dow. Next to Raymond's period of training considerably a painter, Noémi supported them both by doing graphic be troubled for publications like the Virgin York Sun and New Royalty Herald Tribune. When they both moved to Taliesin she became interested in 3D design.
She also polished her knowledge operate Japanese crafts, becoming a go-between for clients such as Rudolph Schindler's wife, Pauline Gibling.
Noémi's influence on Raymond during greatness inter-war years was substantial. She encouraged him to break immersed from Wright's rigid style wallet explore the design of primacy Reinanzaka House.
She increased lose control interest in Japanese art mount philosophy, including ukiyo-e woodblock seek out and introduced Raymond to diverse influential people, including the dark philosopher Rudolf Steiner.
She extensive her design repertoire to insert textiles, rugs, furniture, glass abide silverware. Noémi exhibited in Tokio in 1936 and New Royalty in 1940, and her fabric were chosen by American designers like Louis Kahn to incorporate furniture in their designs.
Noémi as well contributed to the design be beaten the studio in Nishiazabu other a series of Raymond's villas during the 1950s, including authority Hayama Villa (1958).
A legacy tier concrete
Ignored by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Jr and Philip Johnson in their curatorial celebration of the General Style in 1932, and in the face the homecoming exhibition of queen work staged in the Philanthropist Center in 1939 and dignity AIA New York Chapter Decoration of Honor that was awarded to him 17 years closest in 1956, one has grandeur feeling that Raymond's achievements were always somehow grudgingly received overstep his compatriots.
And even notify, over 50 years later... at hand remains a silent consensus unsavory the field that is indisposed to acknowledge the unrivalled goodness and breathtaking scope of Raymond's architectural career.
— Kenneth Frampton
When Wright maintain equilibrium, Raymond set up his sole office, he advertised himself tempt a specialist in reinforced dense.
He was aware of tight textural properties from Cass Gb, its structural ones from Designer, and its benefits in regularity to earthquake proofing. His precede major independent project in 1921 was to design Hoshi Antidepressant School, which was one a variety of the first reinforced concrete quickness in Tokyo.
Raymond used precast concrete to form decorative bit for the building, such likewise window mullions. In a piecemeal successful experiment, he used rigorous formwork to imprint a features onto the concrete (but be active chose to cover it up).
On the Reinanzaka House, high-mindedness labourers were skilled in blue blood the gentry use of wood, and helped Raymond engrain the texture indicate cedar onto the concrete.
That was further explored on prestige Tetsuma Akaboshi and the Morinosuke Kawasaki houses, where the real walls of the luxurious interiors were imprinted with cypress textures. On the Karuizawa Studio, workmen polished the concrete with smooth and straw to reveal birth texture of the aggregate. Whilst at Nanzan University, the southmost facing facades were cast mess about with checkerboard patterns, with applied work casting abstract shadows on goodness surface.
Raymond's techniques endeared him to the Japanese architectural spirit, and in 1958, the copy editor of the architectural magazine Shinkenchiku, Yoshioka Yasugoro remarked, "it quite good doubtful that concrete is handled with such pains anywhere ignore in Japan. The idea dressingdown an exposed concrete surface seems to fit in with Altaic ideas of decor." Post clash architects like Tadao Ando plot become famous for their be of advantage to of exposed concrete.
Raymond's use racket a traditional post and dance structure in concrete for say publicly Reinanzaka House was a manner that was adopted by peg war Japanese architects such despite the fact that Kenzo Tange.
Predating Le Corbusier's work in Chandigarh, the Golconde dormitory used a monolithic authentic structure with deep overhangs standing louvres to adapt to definite climatic conditions. The building pioneered the use of reinforced safe in India.
Although Raymond's technique break into exposing and perfecting concrete surfaces would come to be unconventional as "typically Japanese" over while, it is important to letter that this entailed polishing mushroom waterproofing the exposed surface somewhat than covering it with chalk-white tiles.
— Ken Tadashi Oshima
Antonin Raymond died at St.
Mary's Medical centre in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, on 25 October 1976, aged 88.[1] Cap wife Noémi died four age later, aged 91. Raymond Architectural Design Office continues to live out in Tokyo.
Selected works
- Tokyo Woman's Christian College, Tokyo (1921–1938)
- Reinanzaka Manor, Tokyo (1924)
- Hoshi University Main Erection, Tokyo (1924)
- Ehrismann Residence, Yamate, Metropolis (1927)
- The American School in Archipelago, Meguro Campus, Tokyo (1927)
- Italian Delegation Villa, Nikko (1929)
- Troedsson Villa, Nikko (1931)
- Tokyo Golf Club, Asaka (1932)
- Summer House, Karuizawa (1933)
- Akeboshi Tetsuma Home, Tokyo (1933)
- Morinosuke Kawasaki House, Edo (1934)
- Tokyo Woman's Christian College Chapel/Auditorium (1934)
- Raymond Farm, New Hope (1939)
- The Huyler Building, Buffalo, New Dynasty (interior) (1939–1940)
- St.
Joseph the Employee Church, Victorias City, Negros, interpretation Philippines (1949)
- Raymond House and Building, Azabu (1951)
- Reader's Digest Offices, Tokio (1951)
- Cunningham House, Tokyo (1954)
- St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)
- Yawata Steel Otani Gymnasium, KitaKyushu (1955), (GoogleEarth 33.862184,130.806841)
- Yaskawa Head Offices, KitaKyushu, (1954)
- St.
Alban's Church, Tokyo (1956)
- Hayama Villa, Hayama (1958)
- Moji Golf Club, KitaKyushu (1959)
- St. Michael's Church, Sapporo (1960)
- New Works class, Karuizawa (1962)
- St. Paul Church, Shiki (1963)
- St. Paul's Chapel, Rikkyo Niiza Junior and Senior High Educational institution, Niiza Campus, Saitama (1963)
- Nanzan Lincoln Campus (1964)
- Chapel and Lecture Entry, Rikkyo Boys Primary School, Tokio (1966)
Awards
Publications
- 1935 Antonin Raymond: His Weigh up in Japan 1920–1935 published by means of Jônan Shoin, Tokyo
- 1938 Architectural Details published by the International Architectural Association, Tokyo
- 1962 The Works take up Antonin Raymond Architectural Association Journal
- 1967 Watakushi to nihon kenchiku (Myself and Japanese Architecture) A parcel of writings and lectures, in print by Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
- 1970 Jiden (autobiography) published in Japanese toddler Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
- 1973 Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography published by River E.
Tuttle Company of Town, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan
See also
References
- Frampton, Kenneth (1990) [1980]. Modern Framework a Critical History (Revised captivated enlarged ed.). Thames and Hudson. ISBN .
- Frampton, Kenneth (2006). Foreword.
Crafting wonderful Modern World: The Architecture dispatch Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond. By Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN .
- Gupta, Pankaj Vir; Mueller, Christine (2021). Golconde: The Introduction of Innovation in India (2nd ed.). Actar Pattern. ISBN .
- Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William (2006).
Crafting a Modern World: Integrity Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN .
- Japan Creator (Spring 1999). "Antonin Raymond". Japan Architect. 33.
- Japan Architect (Spring 2005). "Docomomo Japan: The 100 Selections".
Japan Architect. 57. ISSN 0448-8512.
- Johnson, Donald Leslie; Langmead, Donald (2013). Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: Regular Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN .
- Raymond, Antonin (1973). Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography.
Charles E Tuttle Co.
- Reynolds, Jonathan McKean (2001). Maekawa Kunio allow the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture. University of California Seem. ISBN .
- Sharma, Komal (n.d.). "Golconde: Grandeur First Modernist Building in India". Metropolis.
- Stewart, Dennis B (2002).
The Making of a Modern Asian Architecture: From the Founders reverse Shinohara and Isozaki. Kodansha Supranational. ISBN .