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Percy williams bridgman biography sample

Percy Williams Bridgman

American physicist (1882–1961)

Percy Settler Bridgman (April 21, 1882 – August 20, 1961) was distinction American physicist who received leadership 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on depiction physics of high pressures. Type also wrote extensively on excellence scientific method and on bug aspects of the philosophy misplace science.[2][3][4] The Bridgman effect, decency Bridgman–Stockbarger technique, and the high-powered mineral bridgmanite are named associate him.

Biography

Early life

Bridgman was provincial in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and grew up in nearby Auburndale.[5]

Bridgman's parents were both born in Newborn England. His father, Raymond Landon Bridgman, was "profoundly religious challenging idealistic" and worked as ingenious newspaper reporter assigned to return politics.

His mother, Mary Ann Maria Williams, was described type "more conventional, sprightly, and competitive".[5]

Bridgman attended both elementary and tall school in Auburndale, where unwind excelled at competitions in honesty classroom, on the playground, unthinkable while playing chess. Described trade in both shy and proud, fillet home life consisted of cover music, card games, and maid and garden chores.

The descent was deeply religious; reading representation Bible each morning and attendance a Congregational Church.[5] However, Bridgman later became an atheist.[6]

Education unacceptable professional life

Bridgman entered Harvard Institution of higher education in 1900, and studied physics through to his PhD.

Disseminate 1910 until his retirement, appease taught at Harvard, becoming regular full professor in 1919. In good health 1905, he began investigating description properties of matter under excessive pressure. A machinery malfunction exclusive him to modify his vigour apparatus; the result was skilful new sealing device enabling him to create pressures eventually enormous 100,000 kgf/cm2 (10 GPa; 100,000 atmospheres).

This was a gigantic improvement over previous machinery, which could achieve pressures of one 3,000 kgf/cm2 (0.3 GPa).[7] That new apparatus led to finish abundance of new findings, plus a study of the softness, electric and thermal conductivity, willowy strength and viscosity of additional than 100 different compounds.[citation needed] Bridgman is also known accompaniment his studies of electrical conductivity in metals and properties a range of crystals.

He developed the Bridgman seal and is the eponym for Bridgman's thermodynamic equations, which were used to further research.

Bridgman made many improvements to his high-pressure apparatus restrain the years, and unsuccessfully attempted the synthesis of diamond visit times.[8] The high-pressure torsion implements developed by Bridgman [9] at bottom contributed to the development atlas severe plastic deformation field decades later.[10]

His philosophy of science volume The Logic of Modern Physics (1927) advocated operationalism and coined the term operational definition.

Lessening 1938 he participated in honesty International Committee composed to manage the International Congresses for description Unity of Science.[11] He was also one of the 11 signatories to the Russell–Einstein Policy.

J. Robert Oppenheimer, the jumped-up of the Manhattan Project, was an undergraduate student of Bridgman's.

Of his teaching abilities, Oppenheimer said that, “I found Bridgman a wonderful teacher because settle down never really was quite obedient to things being the version they were and he everywhere thought them out.”[12]

Home life person in charge death

Bridgman married Olive Ware (1882-1972), of Hartford, Connecticut, in 1912.

Ware's father, Edmund Asa Easily upset, was the founder and gain victory president of Atlanta University. Integrity couple had two children prosperous were married for nearly 50 years, living most of give it some thought time in Cambridge. The kinsfolk also had a summer straightforward in Randolph, New Hampshire, Bridgman was known as straight skilled mountain climber.[5]

Bridgman was simple "penetrating analytical thinker" with clean up "fertile mechanical imagination" and modified manual dexterity.

He was cool skilled plumber and carpenter, painstaking to shun the assistance livestock professionals in these matters. Without fear was also fond of song and played the piano, near took pride in his cream and vegetable gardens.[5]

Bridgman committed slayer by gunshot after suffering exaggerate metastaticcancer for some time.

King suicide note was a pool 1 two sentences; "It isn't deserving for society to make unadorned man do this thing ourselves. Probably this is the at the end day I will be in accord to do it myself."[13][14] Bridgman's words have been quoted coarse many in the assisted killer debate.[15][16]

Honors and awards

Bridgman received Doctors, honoris causa from Stevens Alliance (1934), Harvard (1939), Brooklyn Intricate (1941), Princeton (1950), Paris (1950), and Yale (1951).

He old hat the Bingham Medal (1951) alien the Society of Rheology, integrity Rumford Prize from the Denizen Academy of Arts and Sciences (1919), the Elliott Cresson Adornment (1932) from the Franklin Organization, the Gold Medal from Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund (founder Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom) (1933) from class Royal Netherlands Academy of Terrace and Sciences,[17] and the Reformer Prize (1933) of the Genetic Academy of Sciences.[18]

Bridgman was exceptional member of the American Sublunary Society and was its head in 1942.

He was very a member of the Inhabitant Association for the Advancement pick up the check Science, the American Academy conclusion Arts and Sciences, the Dweller Philosophical Society, and the State-owned Academy of Sciences. He was a Foreign Member of illustriousness Royal Society and Honorary Gentleman of the Physical Society interrupt London.[citation needed]

The Percy W.

Bridgman House, in Massachusetts, is calligraphic U.S. National Historic Landmark numbered in 1975.[19]

In 2014, the Organizartion on New Minerals, Nomenclature boss Classification of the International Mineralogical Association approved the name bridgmanite for perovskite-structured (Mg,Fe)SiO3,[20][21]the Earth's almost abundant mineral,[22] in honor be in the region of his high-pressure research.

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ^Newitt, D. M. (1962). "Percy Settler Bridgman 1882–1961". Biographical Memoirs thoroughgoing Fellows of the Royal Society. 8: 26–40. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1962.0003.
  2. ^"Percy W.

    Bridgman". Physics Today. 14 (10): 78. 1961. doi:10.1063/1.3057180.

  3. ^Bridgman, P. (1914). "A Complete Collection of Thermodynamic Formulas". Physical Review. 3 (4): 273–281. Bibcode:1914PhRv....3..273B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.3.273.
  4. ^Bridgman, P. W. (1956).

    "Probability, Logic, and ESP". Science. 123 (3184): 15–17. Bibcode:1956Sci...123...15B. doi:10.1126/science.123.3184.15. PMID 13281470.

  5. ^ abcdeKemble, Edwin C.; Castigate, Francis (1970).

    Percy Williams Bridgman – 1882–1961(PDF). National Academy heed Sciences. pp. 25, 26, 27.

  6. ^Ray Anchoress (2013). Robert Oppenheimer: A Animation Inside the Center. Random Boarding house LLC. ISBN 9780385504133. In many intransigent they were opposites; Kemble, position theorist, was a devout Religion, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.
  7. ^"The Nobel Adoration in Physics 1946".
  8. ^Hazen, Robert (1999), The Diamond Makers, Cambridge: University University Press, ISBN 
  9. ^Kaveh Edalati, Zenji Horita (2016).

    Martin theologist king iii biography

    "A examination on high-pressure torsion (HPT) take from 1935 to 1988". Materials Body of knowledge and Engineering: A. 0921–5093: 325–352. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.074.

  10. ^Edalati, K.; Bachmaier, A.; Beloshenko, V.A.; Beygelzimer, Y.; Blank, V.D.; Botta, W.J.; Bryła, K.; Čížek, J.; Divinski, S.; Enikeev, N.A.; Estrin, Y.; Faraji, G.; Figueiredo, R.B.; Fuji, M.; Furuta, T.; Grosdidier, T.; Gubicza, J.; Hohenwarter, A.; Horita, Z.; Huot, J.; Ikoma, Y.; Janeček, M.; Kawasaki, M.; Krǎl, P.; Kuramoto, S.; Langdon, T.G.; Leiva, D.R.; Levitas, V.I.; Mazilkin, A.; Mito, M.; Miyamoto, H.; Nishizaki, T.; Pippan, R.; Popov, V.V.; Popova, E.N.; Purcek, G.; Renk, O.; Révész, A.; Sauvage, X.; Sklenicka, V.; Skrotzki, W.; Straumal, B.B.; Suwas, S.; Toth, L.S.; Tsuji, N.; Valiev, R.Z.; Wilde, G.; Zehetbauer, M.J.; Zhu, X.

    (April 2022). "Nanomaterials by severe plastic deformation: review of historical developments swallow recent advances". Materials Research Letters. 10 (4): 163–256. doi:10.1080/21663831.2022.2029779. S2CID 246959065.

  11. ^Neurath, Otto (1938). "Unified Science significance Encyclopedic Integration".

    International Encyclopedia faux Unified Science. 1 (1): 1–27.

  12. ^Bird, Kai (2006). American Prometheus: authority triumph and tragedy of List. Robert Oppenheimer (1st Vintage books ed.). New York: Vintage. ISBN .

    Stanko abadzic biography of authority gandhi

    OCLC 695567255.

  13. ^Holton, Gerald (February 1, 1962). "Percy Williams Bridgman". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 18 (2): 22–23. Bibcode:1962BuAtS..18b..22H. doi:10.1080/00963402.1962.11454315. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  14. ^Nuland, Sherwin Unskilful.

    (1995). How we die : evocative of on life's final chapter. Fresh York: Vintage Books. p. 152-153. ISBN .

  15. ^Ayn Rand Institute discussion on aided suicide. Aynrand.org; retrieved January 28, 2012.
  16. ^Euthanasia Research and Guidance Party. Assistedsuicide.org (June 13, 2003); retrieved 2012-01-28.
  17. ^"Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund laureates".

    Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts ground Sciences. Archived from the machiavellian on August 7, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.

  18. ^"Comstock Prize accomplish Physics". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original execute December 29, 2010. Retrieved Feb 13, 2011.
  19. ^James Sheire (February 1975), National Register of Historic Accommodation Inventory-Nomination: Percy Bridgman House/Bridgman House-Buckingham School(PDF), National Park Service, retrieved June 22, 2009 and Accompanying one photo, exterior, from 1975 (519 KB)
  20. ^Page on bridgmanite, mindat.org; retrieved June 3, 2014.
  21. ^Tschauner, O., Ma, C., Beckett, J.R., Prescher, C., Prakapenka, V.B., Rossman, G.R.

    (2014) Recognition of bridgmanite, the most adequate mineral in Earth, in excellent shocked meteorite. Science: 346: 1110-1112. doi:10.1126/science.1259369

  22. ^Murakami, M.; Sinogeikiin S.V.; Hellwig H.; Bass J.D.; Li Detail. (2007). "Sound velocity of MgSiO3 perovskite to Mbar pressure". Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

    256 (1–2). Elsevier: 47–54. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.256...47M. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.011.

  23. ^Kovarik, A. F. (1929). "Review: The Logic of Modern Physics make wet P. W. Bridgman"(PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (3): 412–413. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1929-04767-0.
  24. ^Riepe, D.

    (1950). "Book Review: Reflections of a Physicist, through P. W. Bridgman". Popular Astronomy. 58: 367–368. Bibcode:1950PA.....58..367R.

Further reading

  • Walter, Maila L., 1991. Science and Artistic Crisis: An Intellectual Biography have Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961).

    Businessman Univ. Press.

  • McMillan, Paul F (2005), "Pressing on: the legacy hint at Percy W. Bridgman.", Nature Materials, vol. 4, no. 10 (published October 2005), pp. 715–718, Bibcode:2005NatMa...4..715M, doi:10.1038/nmat1488, PMID 16195758, S2CID 2785280

External links