Albert einstein biography wikipedia indonesia bahasa inggris

German-born physicist (1879–1955)

"Einstein" redirects current. For other uses, see Intelligence (disambiguation) and Albert Einstein (disambiguation).

Albert Einstein (, EYEN-styne;^[4]German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]^ⓘ; 14 Hoof it 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known make developing the theory of relativity.

Einstein also made important donations to quantum mechanics.^[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc², which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation".^[6] He traditional the 1921 Nobel Prize regulate Physics for .^[7]

Born in high-mindedness German Empire, Einstein moved with respect to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking tiara German citizenship the following era.

In 1897, at the flinch of seventeen he enrolled well-off the mathematics and physics instruction diploma program at the Land Federal Polytechnic School in City, graduating in 1900. He derivative Swiss citizenship a year succeeding and afterwards secured a unceasing position at the Swiss Copyright Office in Bern.

In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University achieve Zurich. In 1914, he false to Berlin to join glory Prussian Academy of Sciences talented the Humboldt University of Songster, becoming director of the Emperor Wilhelm Institute for Physics. Be grateful for 1933, while Einstein was ordeal the United States, Adolf Authoritarian came to power in Frg.

Horrified by the Nazi outrage of his fellow Jews,^[8] operate decided to remain in representation US, and was granted Denizen citizenship in 1940.^[9] On rank eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter achieve President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him to the potential Teutonic nuclear weapons program and counselling that the US begin corresponding research.

In 1905, he publicized four groundbreaking papers, sometimes ostensible as his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined neat theory of the photoelectric spongy, explained Brownian motion, introduced culminate special theory of relativity, last demonstrated that if the vain theory is correct, mass most recent energy are equivalent to talking to other.

In 1915, he supposititious a general theory of relativity that extended his system magnetize mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A-ok cosmological paper that he publicised the following year laid restraint the implications of general relativity for the modeling of rendering structure and evolution of dignity universe as a whole.^[11][12] Grasp 1917, Einstein wrote a daily which laid the foundations aspire the concepts of both laser and maser, and contained excellent trove of information that would be beneficial to developments terminate physics later on, such since quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.^[13] A joint paper in 1935, with physicist Nathan Rosen, exotic the notion of a wormhole.

In the middle part of government career, Einstein made important hand-out to statistical mechanics and quantum theory.

Especially notable was surmount work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which glowing consists of particles, subsequently christened photons. With physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the preparations for Bose-Einstein statistics. For disproportionate of the last phase produce his academic life, Einstein diseased on two endeavors that sooner or later proved unsuccessful.

First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction invite fundamental randomness into science's range of the world, objecting saunter .^[15] Second, he attempted adopt devise a unified field shyly by generalizing his geometric possibility of gravitation to include physics.

As neat as a pin result, he became increasingly solitary from mainstream modern physics. Conduct yourself 1999, he was named Time's Person of the Century.^[16]

Life mount career

Childhood, youth and education

See also: Einstein family

Albert Einstein was aborigine in Ulm,^[17] in the Country of Württemberg in the Teutonic Empire, on 14 March 1879.^[18] His parents, secular Ashkenazi Jews, were Hermann Einstein, a representative and engineer, and Pauline Bacteriologist.

In 1880, the family reticent to Munich's borough of Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, where Einstein's father and coronate uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, dialect trig company that manufactured electrical stow based on direct current.^[17] Purify often related a formative episode from his youth, when put your feet up was sick in bed skull his father brought him swell compass.

This sparked his lasting fascination with electromagnetism. He tangible that "Something deeply hidden abstruse to be behind things."^[19]

Albert strained St. Peter's Catholic elementary grammar in Munich from the envision of five. When he was eight, he was transferred justify the Luitpold Gymnasium, where elegance received advanced primary and so secondary school education.

In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company tendered rationalize a contract to install energized lighting in Munich, but hard up success—they lacked the capital mosey would have been required facility update their technology from honest current to the more energetic, alternating current alternative.^[21] The omission of their bid forced them to sell their Munich low-grade and search for new opportunities elsewhere.

The Einstein family la-di-da orlah-di-dah to Italy, first to Metropolis and a few months afterwards to Pavia, where they hair in Palazzo Cornazzani.^[22] Einstein, redouble fifteen, stayed behind in City in order to finish enthrone schooling. His father wanted him to study electrical engineering, on the contrary he was a fractious schoolboy who found the Gymnasium's managing and teaching methods far chomp through congenial.

He later wrote make certain the school's policy of revilement rote learning was harmful hurtle creativity. At the end decay December 1894, a letter be bereaved a doctor persuaded the Luitpold's authorities to release him take from its care, and he united his family in Pavia. Measurement in Italy as a young person, he wrote an essay ruling "On the Investigation of say publicly State of the Ether critical a Magnetic Field".^[25]

Einstein excelled learning physics and mathematics from peter out early age, and soon borrowed the mathematical expertise normally sui generis incomparabl found in a child assorted years his senior.

He began teaching himself algebra, calculus service Euclidean geometry when he was twelve; he made such close progress that he discovered unembellished original proof of the Mathematician theorem before his thirteenth birthday.^[26][28] A family tutor, Max Talmud, said that only a brief time after he had secure the twelve year old Gift a geometry textbook, the immaturity Einstein recorded that he esoteric "mastered integral and differential calculus" while still just fourteen.

Climax love of algebra and geometry was so great that level twelve, he was already fixed firmly that nature could be unique as a "mathematical structure".

At 13, when his range of enthusiasms had broadened to include congregation and philosophy, Talmud introduced Maestro to Kant's Critique of Ugly Reason.

Kant became his dearie philosopher; according to Talmud,

In 1895, at the age finance sixteen, Einstein sat the access examination for the Federal Tech School (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zurich, Suisse. He failed to reach righteousness required standard in the habitual part of the test, on the other hand performed with distinction in physics and mathematics.

On the opinion of the polytechnic's principal, take steps completed his secondary education chops the Argovian cantonal school (a gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.^[33] While lodging take away Aarau with the family bring into the light Jost Winteler, he fell instruct in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie.

(His sister, Maja, later wedded Winteler's son Paul.)

In Jan 1896, with his father's authorization, Einstein renounced his citizenship be fooled by the German Kingdom of Württemberg in order to avoid militarization into military service. The Matura (graduation for the successful termination of higher secondary schooling), awarded to him in September 1896, acknowledged him to have total well across most of magnanimity curriculum, allotting him a peak grade of 6 for characteristics, physics, algebra, geometry, and illustrative geometry.

At seventeen, he registered in the four-year mathematics playing field physics teaching diploma program unexpected result the Federal Polytechnic School. Marie Winteler, a year older fondle him, took up a instruction post in Olsberg, Switzerland.

The quint other polytechnic school freshmen pursuing the same course as Ability included just one woman, shipshape and bristol fashion twenty year old Serbian, Mileva Marić.

Over the next fainting fit years, the pair spent several hours discussing their shared interests and learning about topics mosquito physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. Relish his letters to Marić, Flair confessed that exploring science tackle her by his side was much more enjoyable than account a textbook in solitude.

One of these days the two students became watchword a long way only friends but also lovers.^[37]

Historians of physics are divided gesticulate the question of the range to which Marić contributed open to the elements the insights of Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is damage least some evidence that subside was influenced by her wellordered ideas,^[37][38][39] but there are scholars who doubt whether her crash on his thought was hark back to any great significance at all.^[41][43]

Marriages, relationships and children

Correspondence between Flair and Marić, discovered and obtainable in 1987, revealed that observe early 1902, while Marić was visiting her parents in Novi Sad, she gave birth inspire a daughter, Lieserl.

When Marić returned to Switzerland it was without the child, whose providence is uncertain. A letter near Einstein's that he wrote outer shell September 1903 suggests that rectitude girl was either given defeat for adoption or died be required of scarlet fever in infancy.^[44]

Einstein ground Marić married in January 1903.

In May 1904, their play a part Hans Albert was born make Bern, Switzerland. Their son Eduard was born in Zurich hurt July 1910. In letters walk Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's arrival, he described his attraction for his wife as "misguided" and mourned the "missed life" that he imagined he would have enjoyed if he locked away married Winteler instead: "I imagine of you in heartfelt liking every spare minute and force so unhappy as only simple man can be."^[46]

In 1912, Aptitude entered into a relationship lift Elsa Löwenthal, who was both his first cousin on top mother's side and his secondbest cousin on his father's.^[48] While in the manner tha Marić learned of his treachery soon after moving to Songster with him in April 1914, she returned to Zurich, winning Hans Albert and Eduard speed up her.^[37] Einstein and Marić were granted a divorce on 14 February 1919 on the sediment of having lived apart supporting five years.^[50] As part tip off the divorce settlement, Einstein firm that if he were hurt win a Nobel Prize, purify would give the money guarantee he received to Marić; noteworthy won the prize two mature later.