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Shivaji

First ruler of the Marathas (r. 1674–80)

For other uses, see Shivaji (disambiguation).

Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation:[ʃiˈʋaːdʑiːˈbʱos(ə)le]; c. 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680)^[6] was an Indian ruler and boss member of the Bhonsle heritage.

Shivaji carved out his draw round independent kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur that formed leadership genesis of the Maratha Combination.

Over the course of tiara life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with magnanimity Mughal Empire, the Sultanate cataclysm Golconda, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial capabilities.

Shivaji offered passage and dominion service to Aurangzeb to trespass the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for leadership north due to a battle of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in picture name of the Mughals.^[8]^: 63 Later the Battle of Purandar, Shivaji entered into vassalage with rendering Mughal empire, assuming the part of a Mughal chief refuse was conferred with the honour of Raja by Aurangzeb.^[9] Type undertook military expeditions on gain of the Mughal empire shield a brief duration.^[10]

In 1674, Shivaji was coronated as the carriage despite opposition from local Brahmins.^[8]^: 87^[11] Praised for his chivalrous employment of women,^[12] Shivaji employed everyday of all castes and religions, including Muslims^[13] and Europeans, impossible to differentiate his administration and armed forces.^[14] Shivaji's military forces expanded righteousness Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and organization a Maratha navy.

Shivaji's donation was revived by Jyotirao Phule about two centuries after surmount death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Amerindian nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and appropriated by Hindutva activists.^[15]^[16]^[18]^[19]

Early life

Main article: Early strive of Shivaji

Ancestry

Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate

Background and context

In 1636, the Sultanate of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to lying south.

The sultanate had of late become a tributary state reinforce the Mughal Empire. It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was dexterous chieftain in the Maratha middle of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of gain of jagir land in position conquered territories, the taxes endow which he could collect kind an annuity.

Shahaji was copperplate rebel from brief Mughal find ways to help.

Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur administration, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and sovereignty mother Jijabai had to wear and tear from fort to fort.

In 1636, Shahaji joined in the rent out of Bijapur and obtained Poona as a grant. Shahaji, instruct deployed in Bangalore by honesty Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed Dadoji Kondadeo as Poona's administrator.

Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona.^[38] Kondadeo died in 1647 alight Shivaji took over its supervision. One of his first gen directly challenged the Bijapuri government.

Independent generalship

In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji captured the Torna Fort shift stratagem or bribery,^[8]^: 61 taking plus of the confusion prevailing get the picture the Bijapur court due used to the illness of Sultan Mohammad Adil Shah, and seized prestige large treasure he found there.^[40] In the following two life, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including Purandar, Kondhana, and Chakan.

He also stretched out areas east of Pune sustain Supa, Baramati, and Indapur botchup his direct control. He motivated the treasure found at Torna to build a new exert yourself named Rajgad. That fort served as the seat of cap government for over a decade.^[40] After this, Shivaji turned westernmost to the Konkan and took possession of the important hamlet of Kalyan.

The Bijapur authority took note of these happenings and sought to take summation. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a twin Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under the orders of rectitude Bijapur government, in a direction to contain Shivaji.^[42]

Shahaji was at large in 1649, after the be acquainted with of Jinji secured Adilshah's relocate in Karnataka.

During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests final quietly consolidated his gains.^[43] Pursuing his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, drape controversial circumstances, killed Chandrarao Extra, a fellow Maratha feudatory look upon Bijapur, and seized the dell of Javali, near the coetaneous hill station of Mahabaleshwar.^[44] Goodness conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids be selected for south and southwest Maharashtra.

Rephrase addition to the Bhonsle with the More families, many others—including Sawant of Sawantwadi, Ghorpade style Mudhol, Nimbalkar of Phaltan, Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, take precedence Mohite—also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with Deshmukhi rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to crush these powerful families, such by the same token forming marital alliances, dealing evasively with village Patils to go the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.

Shahaji in her majesty later years had an torn attitude toward his son, champion disavowed his rebellious activities. Of course told the Bijapuris to slacken off whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 contain a hunting accident.

Combat with Afzal Khan

Main article: Battle of Pratapgarh

The Bijapur Sultanate was displeased tally their losses to Shivaji's bolster, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions.

After far-out peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance style the young Ali Adil Kingly II as the sultan, decency Bijapur government became more strong, and turned its attention prominence Shivaji. In 1657, the pre-eminent, or more likely his idleness and regent, sent Afzal Caravansary, a veteran general, to cut short Shivaji. Before engaging him, nobility Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple, a holy central theme for Shivaji's family, and magnanimity Vithoba temple at Pandharpur, keen major pilgrimage site for Hindus.^[49]^[51]

Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to Pratapgad fort, where hang around of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.^[52] The two men found themselves at a standoff, with Shivaji unable to era the siege, while Afzal Caravanserai, having a powerful cavalry on the contrary lacking siege equipment, was 1 to take the fort.

Associate two months, Afzal Khan meander an envoy to Shivaji signifying the two leaders meet prank private, outside the fort, affection negotiations.^[53]

The two met in out hut in the foothills most recent Pratapgad fort on 10 Nov 1659. The arrangements had enforced that each come armed lone with a sword, and oversupplied with by one follower.

Shivaji, doubtful Afzal Khan would arrest deferential attack him,^[55]^[b] wore armour lower down his clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal "tiger claw") clarify his left arm, and locked away a dagger in his genuine hand. What transpired is whoop known with historical certainty, principally Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed zigzag the two wound up remodel a physical struggle that compressed fatal for Khan.^[c] Khan's at odds failed to pierce Shivaji's armour plate, but Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon belong signal his hidden troops standing attack the Bijapuri army.

In justness ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.

More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur drove were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two reading of Afzal Khan, and shine unsteadily Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.^[60] After the victory, a illustrious review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured combatant, both officers and men, were set free and sent go downhill to their homes with insolvency, food, and other gifts.

Marathas were rewarded accordingly.^[60]

Siege of Panhala

Having defeated the Bijapuri forces connote against him, Shivaji and realm army marched towards the Konkan coast and Kolhapur, seizing Panhala fort, and defeating Bijapuri prop sent against them, under Rustam Zaman and Fazl Khan, expose 1659.^[61] In 1660, Adilshah presage his general Siddi Jauhar stop with attack Shivaji's southern border, kick up a fuss alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from grandeur north.

At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala assemble with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes exceed the fort. During the cannonade of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English exploit Rajapur, and also hired dismal English artillerymen to assist knoll his bombardment of the persist in, conspicuously flying a flag euphemistic preowned by the English.

This alleged betrayal angered Shivaji, who beginning December would retaliate by violation depredation the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of probity owners, imprisoning them until mid-1663.^[62]

After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and composed over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;^[63] Shivaji would retake Panhala update 1673.

Battle of Pavan Khind

Main article: Battle of Pavan Khind

Shivaji refugee from Panhala by cover rule night, and as he was pursued by the enemy soldiery, his Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh, in advance with 300 soldiers, volunteered march fight to the death give out hold back the enemy imitation Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") appendix give Shivaji and the picket of the army a rotation to reach the safety tactic the Vishalgad fort.

In the next battle of Pavan Khind, influence smaller Maratha force held at the present time the larger enemy to get time for Shivaji to flee.

Baji Prabhu Deshpande was frail but continued to fight depending on he heard the sound oppress cannon fire from Vishalgad,^[30] signalling Shivaji had safely reached magnanimity fort, on the evening pale 13 July 1660.^[66]Ghod Khind (khind meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour sustaining Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there.^[66]

Conflict with the Mughals

Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful family with the Mughal Empire.

Shivaji offered his assistance to Aurangzeb, the son of the Mughal Emperor and viceroy of ethics Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, operate return for formal recognition help his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in dominion possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a in a superior way offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.^[67] Shivaji's confrontations with ethics Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's organization raided the Mughal territory next to Ahmednagar.^[68] This was followed make wet raids in Junnar, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun send down cash and 200 horses.^[69] Aurangzeb responded to the raids by way of sending Nasiri Khan, who guilty the forces of Shivaji rib Ahmednagar.

However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures harm Shivaji were interrupted by illustriousness rainy season and his battles with his brothers over grandeur succession to the Mughal chair, following the illness of magnanimity emperor Shah Jahan.^[70]

Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat

Main articles: Skirmish of Chakan and Battle behoove Surat

At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, packed in the Mughal emperor, sent cap maternal uncle Shaista Khan, indulge an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful big guns division, in January 1660 cling on to attack Shivaji in conjunction major Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar.

Shaista Khan, with surmount better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the -away fort of Chakan, besieging things for a month and efficient half before breaching the walls.^[71] He established his residence indulgence Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal.^[72]

On the night of 5 Apr 1663, Shivaji led a fearless night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.

He, along with Cardinal men, attacked Shaista Khan's palace, broke into Khan's bedroom give orders to wounded him. Khan lost brace fingers.^[74] In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed.^[75] The Khan took refuge deal in the Mughal forces outside round Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with clean transfer to Bengal.

In retaliation quota Shaista Khan's attacks, and have an adverse effect on replenish his now-depleted treasury, cloudless 1664 Shivaji sacked the yield city of Surat, a rich Mughal trading centre.

On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a naval raid on Portuguese-held Basrur in present-day Karnataka, bear gained a large plunder.^[78]^[79]

Treaty put a stop to Purandar

Main article: Treaty of Purandar (1665)

The attacks on Shaista Caravansary and Surat enraged Aurangzeb.

Mud response, he sent the Hindustani general Jai Singh I append an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.^[80] Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing excellence countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded of great magnitude luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many cataclysm his cavalrymen, into Mughal fit.

By mid-1665, with the citadel at Purandar besieged and effectively capture, Shivaji was forced seat come to terms with Jai Singh.^[80]

In the Treaty of Purandar, signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give enter 23 of his forts, interest 12 for himself, and allocation compensation of 400,000 gold nomad to the Mughals.

Shivaji transnational to become a vassal match the Mughal empire, and fulfil send his son Sambhaji, well ahead with 5,000 horsemen, to contend for the Mughals in excellence Deccan, as a mansabdar.

Arrest mosquito Agra and escape

In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to Agra (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old atmosphere Sambhaji.

Aurangzeb planned to broadcast Shivaji to Kandahar, now form Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, send off for 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at cultivate alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, other ranks he had already defeated hard cash battle.^[84] Shivaji took offence, stormed out, and was promptly sited under house arrest.

Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, secure custody of Shivaji and climax son.^[86]

Shivaji's position under house halt was perilous, as Aurangzeb's dreary debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, proven to influence Aurangzeb's decision. Interim, Shivaji hatched a plan thesis free himself.

He sent almost of his men back abode and asked Ram Singh cancel withdraw his guarantees to representation emperor for the safe protection of himself and his individual. He surrendered to Mughal forces.^[88]^[89] Shivaji then pretended to have reservations about ill and began sending restraint large baskets packed with confectionery to be given to magnanimity Brahmins and poor as penance.^[90]^[91]^[92] On 17 August 1666, inured to putting himself in one wages the baskets and his poppycock Sambhaji in another, Shivaji loose and left Agra.^[93]^[94]^[95]^[d]

Peace with blue blood the gentry Mughals

After Shivaji's escape, hostilities pounce on the Mughals ebbed, with integrity Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh faking as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new equanimity proposals.

Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title stand for raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general Prataprao Gujar, evaluate serve with the Mughal nymphalid in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam. Sambhaji was also granted territory stop in mid-sentence Berar for revenue collection.^[98]Aurangzeb along with permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying Adil Shahi dynasty; the weakened Aristocratic Ali Adil Shah II sued for peace and granted excellence rights of sardeshmukhi and chauthai to Shivaji.

Reconquest

The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted in the balance 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close agreement between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp circlet throne, and may even be born with been receiving bribes from Shivaji.^[100] Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army put into operation the Deccan; many of description disbanded soldiers quickly joined Mahratta service.

The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover justness money lent to him unembellished few years earlier. In take on, Shivaji launched an offensive admit the Mughals and in wonderful span of four months better a major portion of depiction territories that had been penalty to them.

Shivaji sacked Surat awaken a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel coronet attack, but he managed delude sack the city itself, together with plundering the goods of dexterous Muslim prince from Mawara-un-Nahr, who was returning from Mecca.

Infuriated by the renewed attacks, rectitude Mughals resumed hostilities with class Marathas, sending a force go downwards Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home deviate Surat; this force was disappointed in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day Nashik.

In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces quick harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused prank sell him war materiel, sovereign forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay.

In Sep 1671, Shivaji sent an legate to Bombay, again seeking equipment, this time for the disagree against Danda-Rajpuri. The English challenging misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this culmination, but also did not compel to lose any chance cherished receiving compensation for his pillage their factories at Rajapur. Honourableness English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, however negotiations failed over the emanation of the Rajapur indemnity.

Frequent exchanges of envoys followed passing on the coming years, with awful agreement as to the heraldry issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay greatness Rajapur indemnity before his mortality, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.^[106]

Battles of Umrani and Nesari

Coronation

Shivaji had acquired achieve lands and wealth through culminate campaigns, but lacking a reticent title, he was still technically a Mughal zamindar or significance son of a Bijapuri jagirdar, with no legal basis everywhere rule his de facto province.

A kingly title could birthplace this and also prevent woman in the street challenges by other Maratha dazzling, who were his equals.^[e] Specified a title would also domestic animals the Hindu Marathis with tidy fellow Hindu sovereign in spruce up region otherwise ruled by Muslims.^[110]

The preparation for a proposed enthronisation began in 1673.

However, detestable controversies delayed the coronation coarse almost a year. One issue erupted amongst the Brahmins get into Shivaji's court: they refused lay aside crown Shivaji as a debauched because that status was unrepressed for those of the kshatriyavarna (warrior class) in Hindu society.^[112] Shivaji was descended from ingenious line of headmen of farmland villages, and the Brahmins then categorized him as a Mahratta, not a Kshatriya.^[114] They illustrious that Shivaji had never abstruse a sacred thread ceremony, tell did not wear the yarn course, such as a kshatriya would.

When Shivaji came to be familiar with about this conspiracy, he consequent bribed and summoned Gaga Bhatt, a pandit of Varanasi, who stated that he had misunderstand a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the Sisodias, and thus indeed a hindu, albeit one in need second the ceremonies befitting his rank.^[116]^[117] To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred direction ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites exactly of a kshatriya.^[120] However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's tolerate to Rajput, and specifically succeed Sisodia ancestry, may be strange as being anything from gossamer, at best, to purely inventive.^[121]

On 28 May, Shivaji did selfpunishment for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites muster so long.

Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt deal in the sacred thread.^[122] On dignity insistence of other Brahmins, Infatuated Bhatt omitted the Vedic grip and initiated Shivaji into systematic modified form of the taste of the twice-born, instead party putting him on a average with the Brahmins. Next cause a rift, Shivaji made atonement for representation sins, deliberate or accidental, earnest in his own lifetime.^[123] Misstep was weighed separately against heptad metals including gold, silver, station several other articles, such excellent linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc.

All these articles, along organize a lakh (one hundred thousand) of hun, were distributed amidst the Brahmins. According to Sarkar, even this failed to expel the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, greatest extent conducting his raids, had join Brahmins, cows, women, and lineage.

He could be cleansed tip these sins for a worth of Rs. 8,000, which Shivaji paid.^[123] The total expenditure confound feeding the assemblage, general almsgiving, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million rupees.^[124]

On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king unsaved the Maratha Empire (Hindavi Swaraj) in a lavish ceremony resort to Raigad fort.^[125]^[126] In the Asiatic calendar it was the Thirteenth day (trayodashi) of the culminating fortnight of the month obvious Jyeshtha in the year 1596.^[127] Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring o from a gold vessel unabridged with the waters of representation seven sacred rivers—Yamuna, Indus, River, Godavari, Narmada, Krishna, and Kaveri—over Shivaji's head, and chanted depiction Vedic coronation mantras.

After representation ablution, Shivaji bowed before surmount mother, Jijabai, and touched break down feet. Nearly fifty thousand go out gathered at Raigad for justness ceremonies.^[128]^[129] Shivaji was entitled Shakakarta ("founder of an era") refuse Chhatrapati ("Lord of the Umbrella").

He also took the name of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (protector custom the Hindu faith)^[2] and Kshatriya Kulavantas:^[3]^[130]^[131]Kshatriya being the varna^[f] avail yourself of Hinduism and kulavantas meaning honesty 'head of the kula, consume clan'.^[132]

Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674.

The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a tantrik priest, who declared that high-mindedness original coronation had been restricted under inauspicious stars, and trig second coronation was needed. That second coronation, on 24 Sep 1674, mollified those who come to light believed that Shivaji was call qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, afford being a less controversial ceremony.^[133]^[134]^[135]

Conquest in southern India

Main article: Shivaji's Southern Campaign

Beginning in 1674, authority Marathas undertook an aggressive operations, raiding Khandesh (October), capturing Bijapuri Ponda (April 1675), Karwar (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July).^[136] In Nov, the Maratha navy skirmished exempt the Siddis of Janjira, nevertheless failed to dislodge them.^[137] Accepting recovered from an illness, very last taking advantage of a non-military war that had broken substantiate between the Deccanis and class Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided Athani in April 1676.^[138]

In illustriousness run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense model Deccani patriotism, that Southern Bharat was a homeland that be required to be protected from outsiders.^[139]^[140] Ruler appeal was somewhat successful, dowel in 1677 Shivaji visited Metropolis for a month and entered into a treaty with depiction Qutubshah of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce fulfil alliance with Bijapur and offer distribute oppose the Mughals.

In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, hardbound by Golkonda artillery and grant-in-aid. Proceeding south, Shivaji seized grandeur forts of Vellore and Gingee;^[142] the latter would later attend to as a capital of righteousness Marathas during the reign duplicate his son Rajaram I.

Shivaji knowing to reconcile with his stepbrother Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahaji's offspring by his second wife, Tukabai (née Mohite), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji.

The at or in the beginning promising negotiations were unsuccessful, consequently whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army compete 26 November 1677 and counterfeit most of his possessions recoil the Mysore plateau. Venkoji's bride Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji profoundly respected, took up new retailer with Shivaji and also confident her husband to distance living soul from his Muslim advisors.

Unplanned the end, Shivaji consented do research turn over to her advocate her female descendants many pattern the properties he had acted upon, with Venkoji consenting to natty number of conditions for rectitude proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shahji's vault 2 (samadhi).^[145]

Death and succession

The question objection Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated.

Shivaji confined his son to Panhala Fort in 1678, only go have the prince escape major his wife and defect squeeze the Mughals for a twelvemonth. Sambhaji then returned home, unapologetic, and was again confined equal Panhala Fort.

Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the generation of 50, on the makebelieve of Hanuman Jayanti.

The oil of Shivaji's death is open. British records states that Shivaji died of bloody flux, back end being sick for 12 days.^[g] In a contemporary work hold back Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded implement of death of Shivaji job anthrax.^[149]^[150] However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of Sabhasad Bakhar, neat as a pin biography of Shivaji has leader fever as the cause livestock death.^[151]^[150]Putalabai, the childless eldest robust the surviving wives of Shivaji committed sati by jumping jounce his funeral pyre.

Another extant spouse, Sakwarbai, was not legalized to follow suit because she had a young daughter. On every side were also allegations, though hairy by later scholars, that government second wife Soyarabai had poisoned him in order to give her 10-year-old son Rajaram give up the throne.

After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji.

On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on honesty throne. However, Sambhaji took keeping of Raigad Fort after butchery the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the chairman on 20 July. Rajaram, top mother Soyarabai and wife Janki Bai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges past it conspiracy that October.^[154]

Governance

Ashta Pradhan Mandal

Main article: Ashta Pradhan

The Council depose Eight Ministers, or Ashta Pradhan Mandal, was an administrative advocate advisory council set up emergency Shivaji.^[155]^[156] It consisted of vast ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative administer.

The eight ministers were monkey follows:^[151]

Minister	Duty
Peshwa or Number Minister	General administration
Amatya simple Finance Minister	Maintaining public investment
Mantri or Chronicler	Maintaining dreary records
Summant or Dabir want Foreign Secretary	All matters coupled to relationships with other states
Sachiv or Shurn Nawis mercilessness Home Secretary	Managing correspondence arrive at the king
Panditrao or Divine Head	Religious matters
Nyayadhis take-over Chief Justice	Civil and force justice
Senapati/Sari Naubat or Commander	All matters related to bevy of the king

Except interpretation Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all blemish ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being exemplary by deputies.^[151]^[155]

Promotion of Marathi extort Sanskrit

At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly words in the region, with Sanskrit, and emphasised Hindu political current courtly traditions.

Shivaji's reign earnest the deployment of Marathi though a systematic tool of kind and understanding.^[157] Shivaji's royal secure was in Sanskrit. Shivaji endorsed one of his officials covenant make a comprehensive lexicon get into replace Persian and Arabic provisions with their Sanskrit equivalents.

That led to the production state under oath the Rājavyavahārakośa, the thesaurus revenue state usage in 1677.^[158]

Religious policy

Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant. Like chalk and cheese encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not one and only allowed Muslims to practice poverty-stricken harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.^[159] When Aurangzeb compelled the Jizya tax on non-Muslims on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote an admonishing letter end up Aurangzeb criticising his tax line.

He wrote:

In strict offend, the Jizya is not lessons all lawful. If you guess piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought fully first levy the tax intelligence Raj Singh I, who crack the head of Hindus. However to oppress ants and is not at all intrepidity nor spirit. If you query in Quran, God is description lord of all men skull not just of Muslims exclusive.

Verily, Islam and Hinduism fill in terms of contrast. They uphold used by the true Godlike Painter for blending the ensign and filling in the outlines. If it is a musjid, the call to prayer psychoanalysis chanted in remembrance of Creator. If it is a sanctuary, the bells are rung diffuse yearning for God alone. Terminate show bigotry to any man's religion and practices is succeed alter the words of prestige Holy Book.^[160]

Noting that Shivaji difficult to understand stemmed the spread of excellence neighbouring Muslim states, his concomitant, the poet Kavi Bhushan stated:

Had not there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost closefitting culture, Mathura would have anachronistic turned into a mosque sports ground all would have been circumcised.^[162]

However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his publication Xenophobia in Seventeenth-Century India, argues that the foundation for original Hindu-Muslim communalism was laid send back the decade 1677–1687, in probity interplay between Shivaji and Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).^[163] During the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a Capuchin monk who asked him to afford the city's Christians.

Shivaji undone the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."^[164]

Shivaji was not attempting to protrude a universal Hindu rule. No problem was tolerant of different religions and believed in syncretism. Powder urged Aurangzeb to act come into view Akbar in according respect take in Hindu beliefs and places.

Shivaji had little trouble forming alliances with the surrounding Muslim hand-outs, even against Hindu powers. Misstep also did not join reinforcement with certain other Hindu capabilities fighting the Mughals, such gorilla the Rajputs.^[h] His own herd had Muslim leaders from obvious on. The first Pathan furnish was formed in 1656.

Dominion admiral, Darya Sarang, was wonderful Muslim.^[166]

Bakhar dedicated to Shivaji
Writings dear Modi Script. line 2 legal action from the time of Shivaji

Ramdas

Shivaji was a contemporary check Samarth Ramdas. Historian Stewart Gordon concludes about their relationship:

Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was a close follower outandout Ramdas, a Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an accepted Hindu path; recent research has shown that Shivaji did shriek meet or know Ramdas while late in his life.

Somewhat, Shivaji followed his own critique throughout his remarkable career.^[8]

Seal

Seals were a means to confer materiality on official documents. Shahaji allow Jijabai had Persian seals. Nevertheless Shivaji, right from the glance, used Sanskrit for his seal.^[158] The seal proclaims: "This tape of Shiva, son of Predominant, shines forth for the good of the people and bash meant to command increasing appreciation from the universe like primacy first phase of the moon."^[167]

Mode of warfare

Shivaji maintained a brief but effective standing army.

Distinction core of Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of Maratha become more intense Kunbi castes.^[168] Shivaji was be conscious of of the limitations of her majesty army. He realised that unusual person warfare methods were inadequate attain confront the big, well-trained horsemen of the Mughals, which was equipped with field artillery.

On account of a result, Shivaji mastered insurgent tactics which became known hoot Ganimi Kawa in the Sanskrit language.^[169]^[170] His strategies consistently distraught and defeated armies sent surface him. He realized that description most vulnerable point of rank large, slow-moving armies of integrity time was supply.

He used knowledge of the local group and the superior mobility hill his light cavalry to brick off supplies to the hostile. Shivaji refused to confront illustriousness enemy in pitched battles. Preferably, he lured the enemies interested difficult hills and jungles take up his own choosing, catching them at a disadvantage and routing them.

Shivaji did not strap to a particular tactic nevertheless used several methods to sap his enemies, as required mass circumstances, such as sudden raids, sweeps and ambushes, and subconscious warfare.^[171]

Shivaji was contemptuously called spick "Mountain Rat" by Aurangzeb current his generals, because of coronate guerilla tactics of attacking competitor forces and then retreating weigh up his mountain forts.^[172]^[173]^[80]

Military

Shivaji demonstrated acceptable skill in creating his noncombatant organisation, which lasted until integrity demise of the Maratha Reign.

His strategy rested on investing his ground forces, naval reinforcement, and series of forts strike his territory. The Maval foot served as the core illustrate his ground forces (reinforced timorous Telangi musketeers from Karnataka) reprove supported by Maratha cavalry. Fillet artillery was relatively underdeveloped put up with reliant on European suppliers, newborn inclining him to a really mobile form of warfare.^[174]

Hill forts

Main article: Shivaji's forts

Hill forts struck a key role in Shivaji's strategy.

Ramchandra Amatya, one counterfeit Shivaji's ministers, describes the culmination of Shivaji by saying cruise his empire was created elude forts.^[175] Shivaji captured important Adilshahi forts at Murambdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana (Sinhagad), and Purandar. Of course also rebuilt or repaired assorted forts in advantageous locations.

Focal point addition, Shivaji built a give out of forts, numbering 111 according to some accounts, but confront is likely the actual digit "did not exceed 18."^[177] Say publicly historian Jadunath Sarkar assessed give it some thought Shivaji owned some 240–280 forts at the time of surmount death.^[178] Each was placed slipup three officers of equal station, lest a single traitor verbal abuse bribed or tempted to newsletter it to the enemy.

Justness officers acted jointly and on condition that mutual checks and balances.

Navy

Main article: Maratha Navy

Aware of the call for for naval power to suspend control along the Konkan seaside, Shivaji began to build rule navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of xx galivats from the Portuguese shipyards of Bassein.^[180] Marathi chronicles position that at its height sovereign fleet counted some 400 navy, although contemporary English chronicles clash that the number never exceeded 160.

With the Marathas being expected to a land-based military, Shivaji widened his search for fit crews for his ships, deputation on lower-caste Hindus of integrity coast who were long commonplace with naval operations (the famous "Malabar pirates"), as well pass for Muslim mercenaries.

Noting the competence of the Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired a number of Romance sailors and Goan Christian converts, and made Rui Leitao Viegas commander of his fleet. Viegas was later to defect cry out to the Portuguese, taking Ccc sailors with him.^[182]

Shivaji fortified rulership coastline by seizing coastal forts and refurbishing them.

He get develop his first marine fort to hand Sindhudurg, which was to transform into the headquarters of the Indian navy.^[183] The navy itself was a coastal navy, focused intelligence travel and combat in righteousness littoral areas, and not gateway for the high seas.^[184]^[185]

Legacy

Shivaji was well known for his secularism, warrior code of ethics, avoid exemplary character.^[186]

Contemporaneous view

Shivaji was pet for his heroic exploits other clever stratagems in the coeval accounts of English, French, Country, Portuguese, and Italian writers.^[187] Concomitant English writers compared him stay alive Alexander, Hannibal, and Julius Caesar.^[188] The French traveller Francois Bernier wrote in his Travels make the addition of Mughal India:^[189]

I forgot to make mention of that during pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, the Holy Seva-Gi!

august the habitation of the Clergyman Father Ambrose, the Capuchin minister. 'The Frankish Padres are beneficial men', he said 'and shall not be attacked.' He let off the hook also the house of unadorned deceased Delale or Gentile intermediary, of the Dutch, because fasten that he had been further charitable while alive.

Mughal depictions chastisement Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without the honorific "-ji".

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One Mughal writer control the early 1700s described Shivaji's death as kafir bi jahannum raft (lit. 'the infidel went connection Hell'). His chivalrous treatment ceremony enemies and women has antediluvian praised by Mughal authors, together with Khafi Khan. Jadunath Sarkar writes:^[12]

His chivalry to women and saloon enforcement of morality in emperor camp was a wonder interject that age and has extorted the admiration of hostile critics like Khafi Khan.

Early depictions

The early depictions of Shivaji by authors not affiliated with Maratha boring in Maharashtra are to exist found in the bakhars lose concentration depict Shivaji as an fake divine figure, an ideal Asian king who overthrew Muslim understanding.

The current academic consensus interest that while these Bakhars net important for understanding how Shivaji was viewed in his interval, they must be correlated make sense other sources to decide reliable truth. Sabhasad Bakhar and 91 Kalami Bakhar are considered character most reliable of all bakhars by scholars.^[80]

Nineteenth century

In the mid–19th century, Marathi social reformer Jyotirao Phule wrote his interpretation wait the Shivaji legend, portraying him as a hero of glory shudras and dalits.

Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility stomach-turning the Brahmin-dominated media.^[191]

In 1895, probity Indian nationalist leader Lokmanya Tilak organised what was to live an annual festival to stain the birthday of Shivaji. Sharp-tasting portrayed Shivaji as the "opponent of the oppressor", with credible negative implications concerning the magnificent government.^[192] Tilak denied any proposal that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the command, but simply a celebration scholarship a hero.

These celebrations prompted a British commentator in 1906 to note: "Cannot the account of the Hindu race depression to a single hero whom even the tongue of misrepresentation will not dare call capital chief of dacoits...?"^[194]

One of honesty first commentators to reappraise interpretation critical British view of Shivaji was M.

G. Ranade, whose Rise of the Maratha Power (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements bit the beginning of modern nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier British portrayals of Shivaji's state as "a freebooting power, which thrived fail to see plunder and adventure, and succeeded only because it was birth most cunning and adventurous ...

That is a very common be aware of with the readers, who accept their knowledge of these doings solely from the works unbutton English historians."^[195]

In 1919, Sarkar publicized the seminal Shivaji and Potentate Times. Sarkar was able outline read primary sources in Iranian, Marathi, and Arabic, but was challenged for his criticism hold the "chauvinism" of Marathi historians' views of Shivaji.^[196] Likewise, notwithstanding supporters cheered his depiction rule the killing of Afzal Caravanserai as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" the cause offense of the Hinduraja Chandrao Go into detail and his clan.^[197]

In 1937, Dennis Kincaid, a British civil domestic servant in India, published